Date: April 9, 2012

Introduction

I need to do a totally fresh install on a new machine. This will have a couple of new twists, namely: The machine is a rack mount 1U server. It is loud as hell, I can't wait to get it out of my office. It is an Intel S1200BTL server with a quad core Xeon E31230 processor (running at 3.2 Ghz) and 16G of ECC memory. It has provision for some thin proprietary "optical device" (i.e. a SATA CD or DVD drive), which was not ordered with the unit. It works fine to cable up a generic SATA DVD drive, but this will not fit in the case, and it is even louder with the cover off.

Installing Fedora 16 from a USB stick

So, it would be cool to install Fedora 16 off of a USB stick. The bottom line seems to be that this won't work, at least I abandoned the effort after investing a days work in it.

I was concerned that the machine I would be using to prepare the USB stick is still running Fedora 14. The turned out to be not a problem at all. I have the iso image for the Fedora 16 install DVD, and there are instructions for putting this onto a USB stick. I do the following: 

yum install livecd-tools
And this fetches the following 8 packages: 
================================================================================
 Package                 Arch         Version               Repository     Size
================================================================================
Installing:
 livecd-tools            x86_64       1:14.2-1.fc14         updates        51 k
Installing for dependencies:
 lzo                     x86_64       2.03-3.fc12           fedora         53 k
 pykickstart             noarch       1.77-2.fc14           fedora        268 k
 pyparted                x86_64       3.4-5.fc14            updates       185 k
 python-imgcreate        x86_64       1:14.2-1.fc14         updates        85 k
 squashfs-tools          x86_64       4.1-2.fc14            updates       110 k
 syslinux                x86_64       4.02-3.fc14           fedora        855 k
 syslinux-extlinux       x86_64       4.02-3.fc14           fedora        337 k
I already have mkdosfs on my system, which is required in some recipes for making bootable USB sticks.

So after getting the packages, I just do this with a fresh out of the box flash stick: 
[root@trona Data]# livecd-iso-to-disk Fedora-16-x86_64-DVD.iso /dev/sdb1
Verifying image...
/u1/tom/cd_archive/Data/Fedora-16-x86_64-DVD.iso:   ed43ccbd8744dc4ea987bf5152ebc2ce
Fragment sums: 5484d54b34f24e13639bc6a7afbebed5a4c1de97ff4754a6f8dc5fd1ecd1
Fragment count: 20
Press [Esc] to abort check.
Checking: 100.0%

The media check is complete, the result is: PASS.

It is OK to use this media.
/u1/tom/cd_archive/Data/Fedora-16-x86_64-DVD.iso uses initrd.img w/o install.img
Size of DVD image: 3584
Size of isolinux/initrd.img: 130
Available space: 7498
Copying DVD image to USB stick
Updating boot config file
Installing boot loader
USB stick set up as live image!

And this works! This booted up fine in just minutes on my ASUS P8Z68-V system with essentially no hassle.

Getting the Intel S1200BTL system to boot from a USB drive is apparently impossible, or at least is a research project involving EFI shell shenanigans, and I abandon the effort.

This is par for the course. I always have the least trouble with products from Taiwan.

Getting the Intel S1200BTL to boot from USB

As mentioned above, this turns out to be a dead end, but here are some notes about what I did learn about the BIOS in this system. My take on things is that the EFI shell can mount a USB drive with a FAT filesystem, and run properly prepared scripts from such a USB drive. In fact this is how Intel has you do firmware updates for the system. Given this, it would probably be possible to prepare a USB stick to boot the Fedora installer (or a live CD image or whatever), but the effort to set this up is beyond what I want to deal with.

This product ships with a CD containing drivers and some documentation, but ultimately even this disk directs you to the Intel website:

There is a hint under "Intel Deployment Assistant" in the following line: 
For help in using the EFI environment, including mounting a USB drive,
see the EFI Toolkit located on the support web page.
EFI by the way stands for "Extensible Firmware Interface", which is the moral equivalent of the BIOS firmware. It is sometimes referred to as the "pre boot environment". I guess the word BIOS is now old school and the world is groping for new terms. Apparently in 2005, Intel decided the old BIOS standards (16 bit and all) had gotten too crusty and needed a complete overhaul. And the original EFI has been superceded by UEFI. My ASUS motherboard calls their firmware a UEFI BIOS, which I think is a good choice of terms.

I have had no luck finding the "EFI toolkit" mentioned on their CD, but I have gotten the clue that I need to interact with the EFI shell to boot from USB. What I found the boot order to be on this machine was:

  1. P4: ASUS DRW-24 (the SATA DVD drive I connected to Sata port 4)
  2. IBA GE Slot 0200
  3. Internal EFI Shell
I have no clue what the IBA GE Slot 0200 is, perhaps it is the Intel Network Boot Agent, since that seems to fire up and get into a loop whenever I don't have a DVD in the drive. (And "IBA" just might stand for "Intel Boot Agent" ...) When I put the EFI Shell first in the boot order, I get into a command line style EFI shell with lots of cryptic commands.

I find it difficult to get into the BIOS. Holding down F2 (no just pressing it off and on) seems to yield the results I want. F6 gets into a boot menu rather than the whole setup interface. Holding down F6 seems to be the thing to do.

The EFI Shell

This document is useful:

Once in the EFI shell, it is possible to examine and even boot from removable media (like USB flash drives), but they must be formatted as FAT16 or FAT32. (As mentioned, the EFI shell is windows centric).
The command: 
map -r
will refresh mounting and mapping, which allows devices to be plugged in at any time and accessed. The first USB device found will show up as "fs0". To "change" to that device, type: 
fs0:

Installing Fedora 16 from a SATA DVD drive

I take the easy path, open the case, cable up a SATA DVD drive, and boot the fedora installer. I want to set up software raid, and my idea is to set up two identical mirrored 2 terrabyte drives. I do not mirror the entire drive, but set up a bios boot, swap, and boot partition that have nothing to do with RAID. I then set up a 100G raid root partition and the remaining 1800G or so as a mirrored /home area. After doing all of this, grub2 (apparently Fedora 16 introduces grub 2 to the fedora world) spits out the following message: 
Welcome to GRUB!
Error: no such device: 4d02eb5d-6780-42ca-aec6-4d2f8886a0f5
grub rescue>
Grub rescue has no help that I have been able to find, andthe bottom line is that the system won't boot. The long UUID turns out to be the UUID of the software raid root partition. My guess is that grub2 is not setup with raid drivers, but who really knows? I try doing insmod "raid" in the /boot/grub/grub.cfg file, but this yields no benefit. I finally decide to just reinstall and abandon the idea of mirroring my root partition.

Software RAID

After the install, I boot the system up with just one of the two drives. Happily, it comes up fine and I get: 
cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid1] 
md0 : active raid1 sda3[0]
    1850582904 blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [U_]
    bitmap: 12/14 pages [48KB], 65536KB chunk

unused devices:

Then I power the system down, install the second drive, and boot back up. It comes up with just the first drive active in the raid array, but tells me: 

mdadm --monitor /dev/md0
mdadm: Monitor using email address "root" from config file
mdadm: Warning: One autorebuild process already running.
This makes is appear that it has discovered that the second disk has reappeared and is busy rebuilding the array, but this is not so.

More useful is 

mdadm --detail /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
        Version : 1.2
  Creation Time : Wed Apr 11 10:29:35 2012
     Raid Level : raid1
     Array Size : 1850582904 (1764.85 GiB 1895.00 GB)
  Used Dev Size : 1850582904 (1764.85 GiB 1895.00 GB)
   Raid Devices : 2
  Total Devices : 1
    Persistence : Superblock is persistent

  Intent Bitmap : Internal

    Update Time : Tue Apr 17 19:57:26 2012
          State : active, degraded
 Active Devices : 1
Working Devices : 1
 Failed Devices : 0
  Spare Devices : 0

           Name : zion.door.com:0
           UUID : aa5280a9:a5a8effb:d500b917:1119103c
         Events : 14758

    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       0       8        3        0      active sync   /dev/sda3
       1       0        0        1      removed

Also of interest is: 

cat /etc/mdadm.conf
# mdadm.conf written out by anaconda
MAILADDR root
AUTO +imsm +1.x -all
ARRAY /dev/md0 level=raid1 num-devices=2 UUID=aa5280a9:a5a8effb:d500b917:1119103c

blkid
/dev/sda2: UUID="c431f446-76cb-47ac-ac8e-f9804f79eff8" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3" 
/dev/sda3: UUID="aa5280a9-a5a8-effb-d500-b9171119103c" UUID_SUB="e87f2840-a7d5-a5fd-169c-6ed28f4425bf" LABEL="zion.door.com:0" TYPE="linux_raid_member" 
/dev/sda5: UUID="193396c8-fec5-4f93-810c-994cce2f45fb" TYPE="ext4" 
/dev/sda4: UUID="48396bbf-1668-471e-a525-13dc8c237457" TYPE="swap" 
/dev/md0: UUID="7f21fdb7-3351-4fd2-b71a-99b5b452a995" TYPE="ext4" 
/dev/sdb2: UUID="aa5280a9-a5a8-effb-d500-b9171119103c" UUID_SUB="e3d5d1c4-517f-c46a-2ee9-f7af6256ff02" LABEL="zion.door.com:0" TYPE="linux_raid_member" 
/dev/sdb3: UUID="83fdd722-eb9f-4a5d-81dd-b8f210ab8d7a" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3" 
/dev/sdb4: UUID="282e31aa-c2a4-4ef5-b0f7-f42ca12aa538" TYPE="swap" 
/dev/sdb5: UUID="32243040-528b-4fe3-ab82-83ddaf0e6d8b" TYPE="ext4"

To add the disk that was removed, I need to issue the command: 

 mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdb2
mdadm: re-added /dev/sdb2
[root@bethel tom]# cat /proc/mdstat 
Personalities : [raid1] 
md0 : active raid1 sdb2[1] sda3[0]
      1850582904 blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [U_]
      [====>................]  recovery = 24.6% (457009472/1850582904) finish=203.5min speed=114105K/sec
      bitmap: 11/14 pages [44KB], 65536KB chunk
So, even though there is essentially no data in this partition, it is going to take over 3 hours to absorb it back into the raid array. I don't want to do this yet, so I do this: 
[root@bethel tom]# mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --remove /dev/sdb2
mdadm: hot remove failed for /dev/sdb2: Device or resource busy
[root@bethel tom]# mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --fail /dev/sdb2
mdadm: set /dev/sdb2 faulty in /dev/md0
[root@bethel tom]# mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --remove /dev/sdb2
mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdb2 from /dev/md0
Note that it is not proper to just "remove" a drive, you must fail it first, at least in an active drive you need to.

Grub2

As of fedora 16, you will get grub2 if you do a fresh install. (Until this system I had always done updates, which leave you running good old grub). Oh happy day! Another pain in the ass, er, I mean new learning curve to climb. The main thing to know is not to edit /boot/grub/grub.cfg (which of course is what any angry and frustrated sysadmin will be eager to do). See:
Have any comments? Questions? Drop me a line!

Adventures in Computing / [email protected]